2A03
The Ricoh RP2A03 is the main processor used in Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) and its region variants. It consists of a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor core (lacking decimal mode), 5-channel programmable sound generator, joypad I/O, and DMA devices. PAL systems contains RP2A07, which has minor differences compared to the NTSC version, such as a different clock divider, adjusted sampled audio rates, and DMA bugfixes.
In addition to the registers in the 6502 core, the 2A03 provides its own 22 memory-mapped registers for sound generation (see NES APU), joystick I/O, and OAM DMA transferring. Unlike the addresses of PPU registers and mapper registers, CPU register addresses are completely decoded, which means that the entire space from the end of CPU registers to the top of address space ($4020 through $FFFF) is available to the Game Pak.
The range $4018-$401F does nothing on a retail NES. It was intended for 2A03 functionality that never made it to production. Various revisions of the 2A03 include test registers (which are disabled in normal operation) or remnants of an incompletely implemented IRQ counter that was disconnected from the rest of the circuit. Mappers can place writable registers here without conflicting with the 2A03, but placing readable registers here should be avoided because of conflicts with DMA.
| Address | Name | Write | Read | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $4000 | SQ1_VOL | Pulse 1 | Duty cycle and volume | Open bus |
| $4001 | SQ1_SWEEP | Sweep control register | ||
| $4002 | SQ1_LO | Low byte of period | ||
| $4003 | SQ1_HI | High byte of period and length counter value | ||
| $4004 | SQ2_VOL | Pulse 2 | Duty cycle and volume | |
| $4005 | SQ2_SWEEP | Sweep control register | ||
| $4006 | SQ2_LO | Low byte of period | ||
| $4007 | SQ2_HI | High byte of period and length counter value | ||
| $4008 | TRI_LINEAR | Triangle | Linear counter | |
| $4009 | Unused | |||
| $400A | TRI_LO | Low byte of period | ||
| $400B | TRI_HI | High byte of period and length counter value | ||
| $400C | NOISE_VOL | Noise | Volume | |
| $400D | Unused | |||
| $400E | NOISE_LO | Period and waveform shape | ||
| $400F | NOISE_HI | Length counter value | ||
| $4010 | DMC_FREQ | DMC | IRQ flag, loop flag and frequency | |
| $4011 | DMC_RAW | 7-bit DAC | ||
| $4012 | DMC_START | Start address = $C000 + $40*$xx | ||
| $4013 | DMC_LEN | Sample length = $10*$xx + 1 bytes (128*$xx + 8 samples) | ||
| $4014 | OAMDMA | OAM DMA: Copy 256 bytes from $xx00-$xxFF into OAM via OAMDATA ($2004) | ||
| $4015 | SND_CHN | Sound channels enable | Sound channel and IRQ status | |
| $4016 | JOY1 | Joystick strobe | Joystick 1 data | |
| $4017 | JOY2 | Frame counter control | Joystick 2 data | |
| $4018-$401A | APU test functionality that is normally disabled. See CPU Test Mode. | |||
| $401C-$401F | Unfinished IRQ timer functionality that is always disabled. See RP2A03 Programmable Interval Timer. | |||